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A Multi-Omics approach to understanding cardiovascular risk in patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease.
End-stage Kidney failure, also known as End-stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), is the final, irreversible stage of chronic kidney disease, where kidney function has worsened to the point that the kidneys can no longer function independently. Cardiovascular complications rather than impaired renal function are the leading cause of death in ESKD. This is due to CKD/ESKD is a chronic systemic proinflammatory state contributing to vascular and myocardial remodelling, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification and senescence, cardiac fibrosis and valve calcification and complex dyslipidaemia. Also, in CKD, due to uraemia, there is disruption of the microbiome and gut barrier function that allows translocation of endotoxin and bacterial metabolites to the systemic circulation, contributing to inflammation and associated cardiovascular disease. In this respect, CKD mimics accelerated ageing of the cardiovascular system. In 2009, an estimated 7,000 extra strokes and 12,000 extra myocardial infarctions per year were due to CKD in the UK, costing the NHS over £170 million.
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